Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at differing times, following a temporal replication program. alternative partner analysis). In total, we have characterized four new balanced translocations involving chromosome 6 and three new balanced translocations involving chromosome 10 (Supplementary Material, Figs S4CS12). Figure?1. Alternative partner analysis. (A) Illustration of the loxP integration sites, chromosomes 6 (red) and 10 (green) and balanced translocation, t(6;10), in P175/R175. The random integration of a new loxP cassette is expected to integrate into a third chromosome … We next used a BrdU terminal label protocol to measure the chromosome replication timing of these new translocations (Fig.?1B). This protocol allows us to visualize the latest replicating regions of chromosomes. Accordingly, the banded pattern of BrdU incorporation allows us to detect actively replicating regions of chromosomes, and differences in replication timing between chromosome pairs are seen as differences in this banding pattern. In addition, measuring the total amount of BrdU incorporation in individual chromosomes allows us to quantify any differences in the normally synchronous replication timing of homologous chromosome pairs. First, to characterize the replication timing of the chromosomes involved in the alternative partner translocations, we carried out an extensive analysis of chromosome replication timing in the parental P175 cells prior to the generation of any Cre-mediated rearrangements (Supplementary Material, Figs S13CS16). Mmp15 Analysis of the banding pattern of BrdU incorporation at multiple time points indicated that the replication timing of each pair of chromosomes, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 17, was consistent with the known replication timing maps for these chromosomes (9,10). In addition, analysis of the banding pattern and quantification of the BrdU 35013-72-0 supplier incorporation indicated that each pair of chromosomes replicated synchronously (Supplementary Material, Figs S13CS16). Therefore, the alterations in replication timing of the rearranged chromosomes, described below, are due to Cre-mediated events and not to pre-existing replication timing differences in this set of chromosomes. Figure?1C and D shows an example of BrdU incorporation into the chromosomes of a mitotic cell containing a chromosome 6 alternative partner, t(6;9)(q15;p21) (Supplementary Material, Fig. S7). The only chromosome showing detectable BrdU incorporation in this mitotic spread was the chromosome 9 derivative of the t(6;9), indicating that it displays DRT. Comparing the banded pattern of BrdU incorporation of the t(6;9) with the non-rearranged chromosomes 6 and 9 in P175 cells (Supplementary Material, Figs S13 and S14) indicated that the chromosome 9 derivative was delayed in 35013-72-0 supplier replication by at least 4h. Note that the chromosome 9 derivative of the t(6;9) displays DRT, but does not screen DMC with this mitotic cellular. Analysis of extra mitotic spreads indicated how the chromosome 9 derivative will indeed screen the DMC phenotype (Supplementary Materials, Fig. S7c). Another exemplory case of DRT without DMC upon this t(6;9) is demonstrated in Supplementary Materials, Number S8. Provided these inconsistencies in 35013-72-0 supplier discovering DMC, we’ve concentrated for the replication timing from the chromosome rearrangements referred to below. DRT was also recognized on two additional chromosome 6 alternate partner translocations, a t(6;17)(q15;q25) and a t(6;7)(q15;q36) (Supplementary Material, Figs 35013-72-0 supplier S5 and S6, respectively). However, analysis of a fourth translocation involving chromosome 6, t(6;8)(q15;q24.1), indicated that it did not display DRT 35013-72-0 supplier (Supplementary Material, Fig. S9). Therefore, three of four alternative partner translocations involving this chromosome 6 loxP cassette integration site display DRT. The reason for the apparent normal replication timing.