Peptides targeting ACE2 Watson and colleagues created SARS-BLOCK? peptides that resemble the SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain and used biolayer interferometry to determine their binding to ACE2 and neutralizing antibodies (Watson et al., 2020). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Arb, Arbidol; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum; ERGIC, Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; gRNA, Genomic RNA; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; MERS-CoV, The Middle East respiratory syndrome 20 coronavirus; ORFs, Open reading frames; RBD, Receptor binding domain; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RTC, Replicase transcriptase complex; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2; sgRNA, Subgenomic RNA; VLPs, Virus-like particles; WHO, World Health Organization; WMT, Washed microbiota transplantation strong class=”kwd-title” Keywords: Antiviral agents, COVID-19, Raltitrexed (Tomudex) Pandemics, Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccines 1.?Introduction Coronavirus has been one of the significant intracellular parasites which predominantly attack the human respiratory system. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV were two earlier coronaviral (CoV) outbreaks, described previously as a severe health concern (Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020). A series of unclear etiology pneumonia was proclaimed in Wuhan City, the Chinese province of Hubei, in December 2019 (Arabi et al., 2020). On December 31, an emergency response team was dispatched to Wuhan by the Chinese Disease Management and Preventing Centre. Possible causes including influenza, avian influenza, adenovirus, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV were eliminated one by one. (Zhang, 2020; Zu et al., 2020). Eventually, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified this disorder as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the responsible pathogen Raltitrexed (Tomudex) was collocated as SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy on Viruses (Gorbalenya, 2020). Infections cause diverse clinical manifestations, shifting from moderate presentations to severe respiratory attacks, and though asymptomatic infection is possible. Then, it was circulated outside China and produced a Raltitrexed (Tomudex) pandemic in plenty Rabbit Polyclonal to TCEAL4 of other countries (Biswas et al., 2020). The number of reported infections globally was over 515,755,796 with around 6,271,647 mortalities and over 470,499,907 recoveries until May 5, 2022 (Worldometers, 2022). The search for therapeutic agents that can be administrated primarily for severe cases of infection remains a priority. Many research groups in many countries have ventured to generate an antiviral drug against the SARS-CoV-2; More than 80 firms and academic research groups are now conducting 3370 registered studies for COVID-19 pharmaceutical testing and vaccine development. Repurposing available drugs have been explored due to its urgent need for effective treatments. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 infection is not currently treated with medication; For this reason, it is necessary to understand the effect of antiviral medicines on the treatment of mild, moderate, severe, and critical forms of the disease so that patients with COVID-19 can get the best possible therapy. According to the World Health Organization, vaccines are one of the most efficient ways to prevent diseases by boosting the immune system’s ability to guard against infectious organisms like bacteria and viruses. In this study, we examine prospective therapies and mechanisms, as well as permitted and approved vaccine platforms and associated side effects. 2.?Therapeutic strategies Despite the recent approval of a few vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections by the regulatory authorities, there are currently no possible curative approaches available to manage this pandemic. To make matters harder, policymakers and developers must deal with issues such as vaccine distribution and production in appropriate quantities, as well as vaccine pricing and deployment (Wouters et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2017; Thakur and Bailey, 2019). Governments have used a variety of pharmaceutical therapies to treat the condition, including antiviral agents that have been shown to.