heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) folding machinery is essential for the maturation of nascent polypeptides into their biologically active three-dimensional-structures and for the rematuration/clearance of misfolded proteins that form under cellular stress. ATP-binding pocket are under clinical evaluation against various cancers.9 10 However heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1) the master regulator of the pro-survival heat shock response also binds Hsp90. Ultimately Hsp90 N-terminal inhibition results in HSF-1 release and upon phosphorylation Rabbit polyclonal to AHCYL2. trimerizes and translocates to the nucleus wherein it binds the heat shock elements to activate the pro-survival heat shock response (HSR). The HSR serves to expand the cellular buffering capacity and to assist in the maturation of mutated and oncogenic substrates.11 This concomitant heat shock response is detrimental to the treatment of cancer and may lead to drug resistance and tumor metastasis.12 Recent studies have shown that allosteric modulation SP-420 of the Hsp90 C-terminus can independent the pro-survival warmth shock response from pro-apoptotic client protein degradation.13-20 Two classes of small molecules derived from novobiocin 1 (Figure 1) the first recognized Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitor were found out via the structure-activity relationship studies. KU-32 (2) which lacks a 4-hydroxyl the 3’-carbamate and contains an acetamide in lieu of a prenylated benzamide represents a lead compound that induces the heat shock response at concentrations much lower than that needed for client protein degradation.2 21 Consequently this class of analogues has been evaluated as neuroprotective providers to refold protein aggregates.22-24 In contrast KU-174 (3) contains a biarylamide part chain in lieu of the acetamide and induces Hsp90 client protein degradation without induction of the heat shock response.25-26 Therefore this class of novobiocin analogues manifests optimal properties for the treatment of tumor as no HSR is observed with such compounds. Number 1 Hypothesis for the design of cytotoxic novologues. Recently a second generation of novologues that contains a scaffold that mimics KU-32 was recognized and biological evaluation against main sensory neurons showed these molecules to possess enhanced neuroprotective properties.27 Novologue 4 contains a SP-420 3-trifluoromethylphenyl ring SP-420 in lieu of the coumarin lactone present in novobiocin and incorporates the acetamide onto the flexible ethylene linker to keep up hydrogen-bonding interactions with the Hsp90 C-terminal binding pocket. As demonstrated during the finding and development of novobiocin-based Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors repair of the benzamide part chain onto KU-32 transforms the molecule from manifesting neuroprotective activity into one that serves as an anti-cancer SP-420 agent. Consequently we hypothesized that alternative of the acetamide present in novologue 4 having a biarylamide should also transform this novologue into an anti-proliferative agent (5a). As demonstrated in Plan 1 retrosynthesis of compound 5a (and related analogues) was envisioned for building via noviosylation of phenol 7 by triggered noviose carbonate 6 Intermediate 7 could be put together via an amide coupling reaction between amine 8 and acid chloride 9 followed by hydrogenolysis. As reported previously 27 the synthesis of amine 8 could be accomplished from 2 4 through phenol safety Suzuki coupling a Henry reaction and reduction of the related α β-unsaturated nitro styrene. Plan 1 Retrosynthesis of cytotoxic novologues. Synthesis of these novologues commenced via selective phenol safety of 2 4 (10) with benzyl bromide. The producing benzyl ether was converted to trifluoromethanesulfonate 11 in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride and triethylamine. Subsequent Suzuki coupling with commercially available aryl boronic acids (phenyl m-CF3 m-Cl m-F and m-OMe) was used to SP-420 generate the respective biaryl ring systems 12 These boronic acids were selected based on prior studies that suggested the inclusion of electronegative substituents in the meta-position of the B-ring show favorable relationships with Lys539 in the Hsp90 C-terminal binding pocket.27 Benzaldehydes 12a-e were subjected to a Henry reaction to afford the corresponding.