Extra-ocular tendons (EOTs) transmit the oculorotary force of the muscles to the eyeball to generate dynamic eye movements and align the eyes yet the mechanical properties of the EOTs remain undefined. for each of 3 different locations of 10 different specimens from each of 6 EOTs comprising a total of 1 1 800 indentations. Young’s modulus for each EOT was determined using a Hertzian contact model. Young’s moduli for fiber bundles from all six EOTs were determined. Mean Young’s moduli for fiber bundles were similar for the six anatomical EOTs: lateral rectus 60.12 ± 2.69 (±SD) MPa inferior rectus 59.69 ± 5.34 MPa medial rectus 56.92 ±1.91 MPa superior rectus 59.66 ±2.64 MPa inferior oblique 57.7± 1.36 MPa and first-class oblique 59.15± 2.03. Variance in Young’s moduli among the six EOTs was not significant (P > 0.25). The Young’s modulus of bovine EOT materials is highly standard among the six extraocular muscle tissue suggesting that every EOT is put together from dietary fiber bundles representing the Naringenin same biomechanical elements. This uniformity will simplify overall modeling. is indentation range E is definitely Young’s modulus of the specimen is the Poisson’s percentage and α is the part face angle of the pyramidal indenter. More detailed discussion within the calculation and application of this model to mechanical properties of smooth tissues can be found in earlier publications (Almqvist et al. 2004 Matzke et al. 2001 Rotsch et al. 1997 Rotsch and Radmacher 2000 Sneddon 1965 For calculation of elastic behavior the Poisson’s percentage of the specimen was assumed to be 0.5 as is typical for soft biological material where incompressibility is assumed. Analysis was restricted to low push ranges resulting in shallow indentations (<100 nm) to prevent damage to the specimen surface and to reduce any possible influence from substrate induced effects (Rotsch and Radmacher 2000 Stolz et al. 2004 Results A total of sixty EOT dietary fiber bundle specimens were prepared (10 specimens from each of six EOTs) and three different locations were chosen along each dietary fiber bundle specimen to obtain 10 force-indentation recordings per site. Most of specimens exposed behavior close to linear albeit not perfectly. Because the Hertz model for any pyramidal indenter relates push to the square of indentation range fitted to any flawlessly linear Naringenin result produced more errors than suits to nonlinear results. Number 5 shows samples of the best and worst suits of the model to the results. Number 5 A. Best curve fitted to result. B. ENOX1 Worst curve fitting result that occurred when the behavior was purely linear. Naringenin After dedication of Young’s modulus from curve fitted ideals of Young’s modulus was averaged for each EOT dietary fiber bundles and are plotted in Number. 6. Number 6 Mean Young’s modulus of dietary fiber bundles for the 6 anatomical extraocular muscle tissue. (N = 300 measurements each) A. Lateral rectus. B. Inferior rectus. C. Medial rectus. D. First-class rectus. E. Inferior oblique. F. First-class oblique. Young’s modulus averaged Naringenin total dietary fiber bundles from anatomical EOTs was 58.88 ± 3.35. Young’s moduli for the six different anatomical EOTs did not differ significantly as the T-test indicated. (P > 0.25) Conversation Nano indentation of EOT fiber bundles analyzed within the Hertzian framework effectively characterized the transverse Young’s modulus a critical mechanical parameter for bovine EOT fiber bundles. The authors believe that the present investigation is the first to do so by nano indentation characterization in EOT. The mean transverse Young’s modulus for dietary fiber bundles from lateral substandard medial superior recti substandard and superior oblique EOTs were computed to be 58.88 ± 3.35 MPa a value that did not vary significantly according to the anatomical extraocular muscle from which the EOTs were obtained. Number 7 shows previously reported Young’s modulus for a wide range of materials (Alonso and Goldmann 2003 Dimitriadis et al. 2002 Stolz et al. 2004 Wenger et al. 2007 Materials from EOT have a transverse Young’s modulus between stiff Naringenin gelatin and protein such as collagen and significantly higher than for cells or gelatin. Since EOT dietary fiber bundles are comprised primarily of collagen the observation the Young’s modulus of EOT dietary fiber bundles is definitely appreciably less than that of collagen indicates a more compliant micro-structure. Tendon materials have been reported to have a helical microstructure that gives arise to volume loss under axial tensile loading (Reese et al. 2010 Rigby et al. 1959 It is also generally accepted the helical structure of dietary fiber bundles causes the fiber-aligned modulus to be one to.